High prevalence of Enterovirus E, Bovine Kobuvirus, and Astrovirus revealed by viral metagenomics in fecal samples from cattle in Central Colombia.

Livestock plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and driving the global economy. However, viral infections can have far-reaching consequences beyond economic productivity, affecting the health of cattle, as well as posing risks to human health and other animals. Identifying viruses present in fecal samples, a primary route of pathogen transmission, is essential for developing effective prevention, control, and surveillance strategies. Viral metagenomic approaches offer a broader perspective and hold great potential for detecting previously unknown viruses or uncovering previously undescribed agents. Ubaté Province is Colombia's dairy capital and a key center for livestock production in the country. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize viral communities in fecal samples from cattle in this region. A total of 42 samples were collected from three municipalities in Ubaté Province, located in central Colombia, using a convenient non-probabilistic sampling method. We utilized metagenomic sequencing with Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), combined with diversity and phylogenetic analysis. The findings revealed a consistent and stable viral composition across the municipalities, primarily comprising members of the Picornaviridae family. At the species level, the most frequent viruses were Enterovirus E (EVE) and Bovine Astrovirus (BoAstV). Significantly, this study reported, for the first time in Colombia, the presence of viruses with veterinary importance occurring at notable frequencies: EVE (59%), Bovine Kobuvirus (BKV) (52%), and BoAstV (19%). Additionally, the study confirmed the existence of Circular replicase-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) Virus in animal feces. These sequences were phylogenetically grouped with samples obtained from Asia and Latin America, underscoring the importance of having adequate representation across the continent. The virome of bovine feces in Ubaté Province is characterized by the predominance of potentially pathogenic viruses such as BoAstV and EVE that have been reported with substantial frequency and quantities. Several of these viruses were identified in Colombia for the first time. This study showcases the utility of using metagenomic sequencing techniques in epidemiological surveillance. It also paves the way for further research on the influence of these agents on bovine health and their frecuency across the country.

Risk factors associated with enzootic bovine leukosis in Boyacá and Cundinamarca municipalities, Colombia.

Background: Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a virus of the Retroviridae family. The infection is distributed worldwide, and a high percentage of animals infected by the BLV are asymptomatic and act as carriers of the virus in many cattle populations. Aim: To identify the risk factors associated with EBL in the municipalities of Boyacá and Cundinamarca (Colombia). Methods: A simple descriptive cross-sectional study with random sampling was conducted. A total of 1,140 blood samples were taken from cattle (females and males) from the municipalities of Chiquinquirá, Ubaté, and San Miguel de Sema of different breeds and age groups. The samples were processed using the commercial ELISA SERELISA® BLV Ab Mono Blocking kit (sensitivity 97%, specificity 98%). The data were processed with the statistical programs WinEpi and Epi Info® version 7.2.4.0, estimating the prevalence ratio, implementing the chi-square test (p ≤ 0.05) and logistic regression. Results: A true prevalence (TP) and apparent prevalence (AP) of 23.61% and 22.7% in Ubaté, 19.22% and 18.1% in Chiquinquirá, and 15.61% and 14.3% in San Miguel de Sema, respectively, were established. Bovines 2-4 years old were the most prevalent in Ubaté and Chiquinquirá (37.5% and 21.21%, respectively), while in San Miguel de Sema individuals >4 years had the highest percentage of antibodies (18.3%). The Holstein breed had a higher prevalence in Ubaté and San Miguel de Sema (26.02% and 19.67%), and crossbreeds were more BLV-seroprevalence in Chiquinquirá (20.20%). In Ubaté, re-use of needles was identified as a risk factor, contaminated blood in needles is considered one of the main routes of transmission. On the other hand, manual milking was identified as a risk factor in San Miguel de Sema. Conclusion: The non-implementation of an individual needle per animal in Ubaté; the Holstein breed and manual milking in San Miguel de Sema were identified as risk factors for the presence of antibodies against the disease. EBL prevention and control plans should be established that focus on the implementation of management and sanitary practices based on herd biosecurity.

Molecular detection and characterization of Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., and Blastocystis in captive wild animals rescued from central Colombia.

Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Blastocystis are significant causes of diarrhea worldwide. However, studies on their prevalence in wild animals are limited, compared to humans and domestic animals. In this study, we collected 23 stool samples from captive wild rescued animals in Boyacá, Colombia. Using conventional PCR, we detected Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., and Blastocystis in over half of the samples (69.6%). Cryptosporidium spp. (43.5%) were the most commonly found, followed by Giardia spp. (39.1%) and Blastocystis (13.0%). Co-infections involving these parasites were also observed. Subsequent genotyping revealed Cryptosporidium canis and Cryptosporidium ryanae as the predominant species. These findings contribute valuable information about the ecoepidemiology of intestinal parasites in Colombian wild animals.

Seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine fasciolosis in the municipalities of Colombia.

Background and Aim: Bovine fasciolosis is a reemerging neglected disease with a worldwide distribution caused by the trematode Fasciola spp., which parasitize various hosts. Bovine fasciolosis is responsible for large economic losses in the bovine livestock sector. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine fasciolosis in the municipalities of Colombia. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with simple random sampling conducted on 1140 cattle from the municipalities of Chiquinquirá, San Miguel de Sema, and Ubaté for a duration of 3 months. Serum samples were processed using the commercial Fasciola hepatica Antibody Test Kit IDEXX® Fasciolosis Verification (IDEXX, United States), which identified immunoglobulin G antibodies for gf2 antigen purified from Fasciola extracts. The f2 antigen is extremely immunogenic and highly specific for F. hepatica. An epidemiological survey was performed to record variables related to the sampled animals and herd management practices. Data were processed using the statistical program Epi Info® (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia). The prevalence ratio was estimated to evaluate the association between fasciolosis and the hypothesized causal factors and the significance of this association using Pearson's Chi-square test. Finally, a logistic regression model was developed. Results: The overall seroprevalence was 72.3%. The seroprevalence was 83.9% (323/385) in Chiquinquirá, 68.17% (257/377) in Ubaté, and 64.55% (244/378) in San Miguel de Sema. The seroprevalence was higher in male animals in Chiquinquirá and in female animals in San Miguel de Sema and Ubaté. Similarly, sex showed a statistically significant association with disease prevalence in Ubaté. The highest prevalence was found in cattle aged >2 years. The Holstein breed showed maximum seroprevalence in Chiquinquirá (p ≤ 0.05) and San Miguel de Sema, whereas crossbreed showed higher seroprevalence in Ubaté. Similarly, in Chiquinquirá, the association between the seroprevalence of fasciolosis and the presence of other species was statistically significant (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.9601-3.4944; p = 0.0448). In Ubaté, the disease presentation was also associated with pasture rental (95% CI: 0.4047-1.0023; p = 0.003) and attendance to livestock expositions (95% CI: 0.2313-1.0636; p = 0.044). However, in San Miguel de Sema, water from the stream showed a statistically significant association with disease presentation (95% CI: 0.5209-1.0985; p = 0.00649785). Female sex and diarrhea occurrence were considered risk factors for fasciolosis. Conclusion: A high seroprevalence of antibodies to Fasciola spp. was detected in cattle in the study municipalities, indicating a high parasite distribution in these areas. Female sex and diarrhea were established as risk factors associated with fasciolosis in Ubaté and San Miguel de Sema, respectively. Further, research is necessary to establish prevention and control programs against parasitosis.

Molecular characterization of Fasciola hepatica in endemic regions of Colombia.

Fasciola hepatica is a zoonotic trematode that affects a wide range of hosts, including cattle, sheep, and goats. The economic impact of the parasite on the cattle industry is significant, with high losses reported worldwide. While its impact on human health was previously underestimated, recent years have seen a rise in fascioliasis cases, leading to increased interest among researchers globally. To characterize the genetic diversity and intraspecific variation of this parasite in South America, specifically in Colombia, we collected 105 adult parasites from cattle bile ducts in seven Colombian departments (Antioquia, Boyacá, Santander, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Nariño, Norte de Santander, and Santander) to assess the parasite's phenotypic analyses, genetic diversity, and population structure. A computer image analysis system (CIAS) was applied based on standardized morphological measurements. Liver-fluke size was studied by principal component analysis (PCA). DNA sequences were obtained for nuclear markers such as the 28S, ß-tubulin 3, ITS1, ITS2, and the mitochondrial marker Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI). Multiple statistical tests were performed, and the parasite's population structure was analyzed. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic reconstructions were carried out using the sequences obtained herein and sequences available in GenBank. Morphological results revealed that all the obtained individuals matched F. hepatica's morphology. There was no evidence of high genetic diversity, and the absence of genetic structure at the country-level was notable, possibly caused by a demographic expansion of this trematode in Colombia or the low resolution of the molecular markers employed. Future studies are still needed to unveil the genetic population structure of F. hepatica across the country.

Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 in dairy herds of Colombia.

Background and Aim: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is an infectious disease widely distributed globally and is considered the main cause of various reproductive and respiratory tract diseases in cattle and buffaloes. This study aimed to estimate seroprevalence and determine risk factors associated with the presentation of IBR in the municipality of Sotaquirá, Boyacá (Colombia). Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study with simple random sampling was performed, and the sample size was 1,000 cattle. Blood samples were obtained by coccygeal venipuncture and processed through indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the Synbiotics® kit (Zoetis, New Jersey, USA) with a sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 98%, respectively. Data were processed using the statistical program EpiInfo® (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia). Results: A high seroprevalence of 57.5% was established. Seroprevalence was the highest in cattle >4 years of age (65.0% apparent seroprevalence [AS]; 67% true seroprevalence [TS]) and in the Holstein breed (65.5% AS; 67.8% TS). The breed and age of the animals were significantly associated with each other. The Holstein breed, age group >4 years, uncertified semen, and fetal death were established as risk factors for IBR. In comparison, the age groups of <1 and 1-2 years and the Normande breed were established as protective factors against the bovine herpesvirus-1 virus. Conclusion: Management factors, such as livestock from other owners and animal purchases, which affect disease presentation, are evident. The implementation and development of novel prevention and control measures for IBR at the national level are necessary.

Serodiagnosis and Risk Factors Associated with Infectious Agents of Reproductive Diseases in Bovines of Chiquinquirá, District of Boyacá (Colombia).

The productivity of cattle farms is affected by infectious and noninfectious factors that generate economic losses and cause reproductive failure represented by low conception rates, embryonic mortality, abortions, and fetal mummification. The infectious agents that most impact the reproductive health of the bovine species from conception to birth are bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) causing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3), Neospora caninum and Leptospira spp. The objective of this study was to diagnose the presence of BoHV-1, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), PI3, Neospora caninum, and Leptospira spp. by serology and identify the risk factors associated with infectious agents of reproductive interest in bovines of Boyacá (Colombia). A descriptive cross-sectional study was developed, with simple random sampling, where a sample size of 601 female cattle of Holstein, Jersey, and Normande breeds of different age groups was determined. Blood samples were taken and processed using the indirect ELISA technique (SYNBIOTICS®, SERELISA® BVD p80 Ab Mono Blocking, Ingezim R.12.NC.K, PRIMACHECK VPI-3®) and the MAT test for the diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis. The data were processed with the statistical program Epi Info™. The highest apparent seroprevalence was established for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (61.1%), followed by BVD (37.6%), PI3 (40.9%), neosporosis (51.1%), and leptospirosis (14.8%). Variables such as age >4 years and Holstein breed for IBR and >4 years for BVD were established risk factors. Considering our results, we suggest implementing prevention and control plans that include vaccination as a prophylactic measure and biosecurity tools that reduce the probability of contagion and transmission of pathogens.

Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with the presence of bovine leptospirosis in the municipality of Sotaquirá, Colombia.

Background: Bovine leptospirosis is a zoonotic, infectious, and cosmopolitan disease of worldwide distribution, caused by the spirochete Leptospira spp., which has been diagnosed in humans; domestic mammals, such as dogs, sheep, goats, swine, horses and cattle; and wild animals. It is considered a significant cause of economic losses in livestock because it causes infertility, abortion and reduced milk production. Aim: To establish the prevalence and the main risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. in cattle in the municipality of Sotaquirá, Colombia. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study with simple random sampling was carried out. 1,000 cattle of Ayrshire, Holstein, Jersey, Normande, Zebu, and crossbreeds were sampled. Blood samples were taken by coccygeal venipuncture and processed by microscopic agglutination technique; animals were considered positive when titers were ≥1:100. The data obtained were processed with the statistical program EpiInfo®. Results: A general apparent prevalence (AP) of 16% (160/1,000) was established, where the crossbreeds (20.5% AP), the 2-4 years age group (17% AP), and the serovars Leptospira interrogans serogroup Pomona (5.1%) and L. interrogans serogroup Sjroe serovar Hardjo (3.4%) presented the highest seropositivity. The variables barnyard, artificial insemination, and use of certified semen were identified as protective factors against the disease, while diarrhea was considered a risk factor. Conclusion: The prevalence in this study is within the range of those reported at the national level; however, it is essential to establish plans to control and prevent the disease.

Determinación de anticuerpos antidiarrea viral bovina (DVB) en vacas lecheras de un municipio de Boyacá (Colombia) / Determination of Antibodies against Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) in Diry Cows in a Municipality of Boyacá (Colombia)

Resumen La diarrea viral bovina (DVB) es una patología infecciosa generada por un pestivirus de distribución mundial, causante de problemas reproductivos y pérdidas económicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue establecer la positividad al virus de diarrea viral bovina (vDVB) en vacas del municipio de Tuta (Boyacá, Colombia), y analizar los grupos etarios, raciales y las variables reproductivas y de manejo como posibles factores de riesgo. Se tomaron 374 muestras de sangre, a las cuales se les realizó la prueba ELISA indirecta, implementando el kit Serelisa® BVD p80 Ab Mono Blocking; los datos se procesaron con EpiInfo®. Se encontró una seroprevalencia del 41,7 %. Los cruces raciales y los bovinos >4 años presentaron la seroprevalencia más alta. Los animales >4 años (p= 0,0000001922) presentaron asociación estadística con la presencia de la enfermedad, y se consideró factor de riesgo para vDVB. Se deben establecer programas de control y prevención que dificulten su diseminación en la zona.

Abstract Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is an infectious pathology generated by a pestivirus of worldwide distribution, which causes reproductive problems and economic losses. The objective of this study was to establish bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) positivity in cows from the municipality of Tuta (Boyacá, Colombia), and to analyze age and racial groups and reproductive and management variables as possible risk factors. A total of 374 blood samples were taken and the indirect ELISA test was performed using the Serelisa® BVD p80 Ab Mono Blocking kit; the data were processed with EpiInfo®. A seroprevalence of 41.7% was found. Crossbreds and cattle >4 years had the highest seroprevalence. Animals >4 years old (p= 0.0000001922) were statistically associated with the presence of the disease and were considered a risk factor for BVDV. Control and prevention programs should be established to hinder its dissemination in the area.

Seropositivity and risk factors associated with the presentation of bovine leukosis virus in Sotaquirá, Colombia.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Enzootic bovine leukosis is a disease economically important to the dairy farming industry worldwide. The virus is of the Deltaretrovirus genus and is primarily transmitted iatrogenically. Most bovines infected with the virus remain asymptomatic with only 5-10% of cattle having lymphomas. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of bovine leukosis virus (BLV) in Sotaquirá, Boyacá, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a descriptive, observational epidemiological cross-sectional study using the simple random sampling method with a sample size of 1000. Blood samples from random bovine were processed using the SERELISA® BLV Ab Mono Blocking indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Zoetis, USA). The assay had a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 98%. The collected data were processed using Epi Info® (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia). From the study, we could determine a high seroprevalence of BLV in Sotaquirá. RESULTS: We established a high seroprevalence on BLV in the municipality, with 31.1% apparent seroprevalence and 30.6% real seroprevalence rate. We found that male cattle more than 4 years old (39.4%) and the Ayrshire breed (45.5%) had the highest prevalence rates of the virus. In this study, we could establish statistically significant associations according to breed, age, and gender of the cattle under study. Moreover, we identified the risk factors for BLV infection. We found that in cattle aged <1 year and those older than 4 years of age and those of the Holstein breed, the presentation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, mucosal secretions, mastitis, fetal death, the presence of a corral, and the implementation of artificial insemination practices were risk factors for BLV infection. CONCLUSION: Determining the prevalence of BLV within the herd and identifying the associated risk factors for the disease are fundamental in developing efficient programs for the control and eradication of BLV within herds.

Identification of Multiple Blastocystis Subtypes in Domestic Animals From Colombia Using Amplicon-Based Next Generation Sequencing.

Blastocystis is frequently reported in fecal samples from animals and humans worldwide, and a variety of subtypes (STs) have been observed in wild and domestic animals. In Colombia, few studies have focused on the transmission dynamics and epidemiological importance of Blastocystis in animals. In this study, we characterized the frequency and subtypes of Blastocystis in fecal samples of domestic animals including pigs, minipigs, cows, dogs, horses, goats, sheep, and llama from three departments of Colombia. Of the 118 fecal samples included in this study 81.4% (n = 96) were positive for Blastocystis using a PCR that amplifies a fragment of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. PCR positive samples were sequenced by next generation amplicon sequencing (NGS) to determine subtypes. Eleven subtypes were detected, ten previously reported, ST5 (50.7%), ST10 (47.8%), ST25 (34.3%), ST26 (29.8%), ST21 (22.4%), ST23 (22.4%), ST1 (17.9%), ST14 (16.4%), ST24 (14.9%), ST3 (7.5%), and a novel subtype, named ST32 (3.0%). Mixed infection and/or intra -subtype variations were identified in most of the samples. Novel ST32 was observed in two samples from a goat and a cow. To support novel subtype designation, a MinION based sequencing strategy was used to generate the full-length of the SSU rRNA gene. Comparison of full-length nucleotide sequences with those from current valid subtypes supported the designation of ST32. This is the first study in Colombia using NGS to molecularly characterize subtypes of Blastocystis in farm animals. A great diversity of subtypes was observed in domestic animals including subtypes previously identified in humans. Additionally, subtype overlap between the different hosts examined in this study were observed. These findings highlight the presence of Blastocystis subtypes with zoonotic potential in farm animals indicating that farm animals could play a role in transmission to humans.

Seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle from Sotaquirá, Colombia.

Worldwide distributed Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) represents a high risk of infection in most bovine farms, in which it is associated with gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive diseases. The purpose of this research was to establish the seroprevalence and the main risk factors associated with the presentation of BVDV in the municipality of Sotaquirá, Colombia. Samples were taken from 1000 cattle of Holstein, Ayrshire, Jersey, Normande Gyr and Holstein x Gyr. Epidemiological surveys were implemented, reproductive and management variables were taken into consideration. Indirect ELISA was performed to detect specific antibodies against BVDV using the commercial kit SERELISA® BVD p80 Ab Mono Blocking. The overall seroprevalence of antibodies against BVDV was 42.5% (425/1000), where the Gyr breed (59.1% apparent prevalence (AP); 60.3% real prevalence (PR)) and the age group > 4 years (53.0% PA; 54.4% PR) presented the highest seroprevalences. A significant statistical association was found for the breed, age, management practices evaluated and the presentation of PI3 (p ≤ 0.05). Age group > 4 years, Normande breed, presentation of PI3 and grazing lease were established as risk factors associated with BVDV in the herds. These infections are mainly associated with dairy cattle and herds with many animals, so it is important to consider vaccination plans as a preventive system and follow up on the most common diseases.

Describing the intestinal microbiota of Holstein Fasciola-positive and -negative cattle from a hyperendemic area of fascioliasis in central Colombia.

The ability to identify compositional changes in the intestinal microbiota of parasitized hosts is important for understanding the physiological processes that may affect animal productivity. Within the field of host-parasite interactions, many studies have suggested that helminths can influence the microbial composition of their hosts via their immunomodulatory effects. Bovine fascioliasis is a helminthiasis widely studied by immunologists, but with little information available regarding gut microbial communities. Thus, we aimed to describe the composition of the intestinal microbiota of Holstein Fasciola-positive and -negative cattle using parasitological methods and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Bovine fecal samples (n = 65) were obtained from livestock slaughter plants in the Cundi-Boyacense Colombian highlands (a hyperendemic region for bovine fascioliasis) and studied by amplicon-based next-generation 16S-rRNA and 18S-rRNA gene sequencing. From these samples, 35 were Fasciola hepatica-negative and, 30 were F. hepatica-positive in our detection analysis. Our results showed a reduction in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Ascomycota in the Fasciola-positive samples, along with decreased relative abundances of the commensal taxa previously associated with fermentation and digestion processes. However, metabolomic approaches and functional analyzes of the intestinal microbiota are necessary to support these hypothesis. These findings are a small first step in the development of research aimed at understanding how microbial populations in bovines are modulated in liver helminth infections.

Serodiagnóstico de Paratuberculosis en bovinos del municipio de Sogamoso, Boyacá (Colombia) / Serodiagnosis of Paratuberculosis in cattle of the municipality of Sogamoso, Boyacá (Colombia) / Serodiagnóstico da paratuberculose no gado do municipio de Sogamoso, Boyacá (Colômbia)

RESUMEN La Paratuberculosis Bovina (PTB) o Enfermedad de Johne, es una infección del tracto gastrointestinal causada por Mycobacterium avium, subespecie paratuberculosis (Map), que se caracteriza por generar enteritis granulomatosa crónica y linfadenitis en rumiantes. La preocupación más relevante en relación con la importancia de la PTB es su posible vínculo con la Enfermedad de Crohn (EC) en humanos, sin embargo, esta asociación aún está bajo investigación. Se determinó la seroprevalencia de PTB en el municipio de Sogamoso (Boyacá), donde se recolectaron 604 muestras de sangre, cuyo suero fue procesado mediante la técnica de ELISA indirecta con el kit comercial PARACHEK® 2 KIT (Prionics, Suiza). La seroprevalencia fue de 10,9% (66/604), donde el grupo etario de 2 a 3 años y la raza Jersey fueron los de mayor seroprevalencia. Se encontró asociación estadística significativa (p≤0,05) entre la edad de los individuos evaluados y el suministro de concentrado. La seroprevalencia encontrada indica que se está produciendo una transmisión activa de la enfermedad y que las medidas de control disponibles no están siendo llevadas a cabo o no son lo suficientemente efectivas.

ABSTRACT Bovine Paratuberculosis (BPT), or Johne's Disease, is an infection of the gastrointestinal tract caused by Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), which is characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis and lymphadenitis in ruminants. The most relevant concern regarding the importance of BPT is its possible link to Crohn's disease (CD) in humans, however this association is still under investigation. The seroprevalence of BPT was determined in the municipality of Sogamoso (Boyacá), where 604 blood samples were collected, their serum was processed by the indirect ELISA technique with the commercial PARACHEK® 2 KIT (Prionics, Switzerland), following the manufacturer's instructions. The seroprevalence was 10,9% (66/604), with the 2 to 3 years age group and the Jersey breed having the highest seroprevalence. A significant statistical association was found (p≤0,05) with the age of the individuals tested and the supply of concentrate. The seroprevalence found indicates that active transmission of the disease is taking place, and that the available control measures are not being carried out or are not effective enough.

RESUMO A Paratuberculose Bovina (PTB) ou Doença de Johne é uma infecção do trato gastrointestinal causada pela Mycobacterium avium subespécie paratuberculosis (Map), caracterizada por gerar enterite granulomatosa crónica e linfadenite em ruminantes. A preocupação mais relevante em relação à importância do PTB é seu possível vínculo com a Doença de Crohn (DC) em seres humanos, no entanto, essa associação ainda está sob investigação. A soroprevalência do PTB foi determinada no município de Sogamoso (Boyacá), onde foram coletadas 604 amostras de sangue, cujo soro foi processado pela técnica ELISA indireta com o kit comercial PARACHEK® 2 KIT (Prionics, Suíça). A soroprevalência foi de 10,9% (66/604), onde a faixa etária de 2 a 3 anos e a raça Jersey foram as que apresentaram maior soroprevalência. Foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significante (p≤0,05) com a idade dos indivíduos avaliados e o suprimento de concentrado. A soroprevalência encontrada indica que a transmissão ativa da doença está ocorrendo e que as medidas de controle disponíveis não estão sendo realizadas ou não são eficazes o suficiente.

Evaluación del movimiento diafragmático por ultrasonografía mediante la medición del índice de excursión en perros / Evaluation of diaphragmatic movement measuring the excursion index with ultrasonography in dogs / Avaliação do movimento diafragmático pela ultrassonografia através da mensuração do índice de excursão em cães

Resumen El ultrasonido es una técnica portátil y repetible, que permite evaluar de forma dinámica los movimientos del diafragma. Existen muchas causas que pueden generar disfunción diafragmática y parálisis diafragmática como anestésicos, injuria del nervio frénico, postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca, torácica o abdominal, enfermedades neuromusculares, metabólicas e infecciosas y causas relacionadas al paciente crítico como sepsis y ventilación mecánica prolongada. Se tuvieron en cuenta cuarenta y ocho perros, entre internados y programados para cirugía electiva, sin signos clínicos cardiorrespiratorios a los cuales se les realizó ultrasonido Global FAST, se evaluó el movimiento del diafragma en modo M en tres posiciones y se registró la medida del índice de excursión diafragmática. Tres de los perros internados fueron excluidos, debido a hallazgos en el ultrasonido, los perros programados para cirugía electiva fueron sometidos al mismo protocolo preanestésico en los mismos tiempos. No se presentaron diferencias estadísticas entre las posiciones. Al comparar la medida del índice de excursión diafragmática entre los perros internados y anestesiados en la posición DLD (decúbito lateral derecho) y DD (decúbito dorsal), se observaron diferencias significativas (p<0,01). El ultrasonido en modo M es una buena herramienta para medir el índice de excursión diafragmática, proporciona información cuantitativa para la evaluación de la función dinámica diafragmática, la anestesia puede llegar a causar una disminucion significativa en el índice de excursión diafragmático, el cual puede permanecer oculto y generar complicaciones anestésicas.

Abstract The ultrasonographic examination is a portable, non-invasive, repeatable technique that can assess the dynamic movements of the diaphragm. There are several causes for diaphragmatic dysfunction or paralysis, including anesthetic drugs, phrenic nerve injury, postoperative cardiac, thoracic or abdominal surgery; neuromuscular, infectious or metabolic diseases, critical patient comorbidities such as sepsis or prolonged mechanical ventilation complications. The study included forty-eight dogs that where either hospitalized or admitted for elective surgery without cardiorespiratory disease signs. They were evaluated following Global FAST protocol. The diaphragmatic movement was evaluated in M mode and the excursion diaphragmatic index was measured in three different positions. Three dogs were excluded due to their ultrasonographic findings. The same anesthetic protocol was used for the dogs admitted for elective surgery. There was no statistical difference between the dogs evaluated in the three different positions. The excursion diaphragmatic index of the hospitalized dogs compared to anesthetized dogs in right lateral recumbency (RLR) and dorsal recumbency (DR) was significantly different (p <0,01). Mode M ultrasonographic examination is a useful tool to measure the excursion diaphragmatic index in dogs because it provides quantitative information for the evaluation of the dynamic function of the diaphragm. Anesthetic drugs can cause a significant reduction of the excursion diaphragmatic index which, if not evaluated and detected promptly, can cause complications anesthetic.

Resumo O ultra-som é uma técnica portátil e repetível, que permite avaliar de forma dinâmica os movimentos do diafragma. Muitas causas podem gerar disfunção do diafragma e paralisia diafragmática como anestésicos, lesão do nervo frénico, cirurgia cardíaca, torácica ou abdominal, doenças neuromusculares, e infecciosa e metabólica relacionados para paciente crítico como sepsia e faz com que a ventilação mecânica prolongada. Quarenta e oito cães foram tidos em conta, incluindo estágios e agendada para cirurgia electiva sem sinais clínicos cardio-respiratórias que foram submetidos a ultrasons RÁPIDO global, o movimento do diafragma no modo-M foi avaliada em três posições e medição do índice foi gravado de excursão diafragmática. Três dos cães de embarque foram excluídos porque os resultados de ultrasom, cães agendados para cirurgia eletiva foram submetidos ao mesmo protocolo pré-anestésica, ao mesmo tempo. Não houve diferenças estatísticas entre as posições para a medição. Ao comparar a medida do índice de excursão diafragmática entre os cães admitidos e anestesiados na posição DLD (decúbito lateral direito) e DD (decúbito dorsal), foram observadas diferenças significativas (p <0,01), sendo este valor menor em cães anestesiado. A ultrassonografia modo-M para medir o índice de excursão diafragmática é uma boa ferramenta, pois fornece informações quantitativas para a avaliação da função dinâmica diafragmática. A anestesia pode causar uma diminuição significativa no índice de excursão diafragmática, que pode permanecem escondidos e geram complicações anestésicas.

Determinación de Rinotraqueítis Infecciona Bovina (BHV-1) en el municipio de Toca, Boyacá / Determination of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (BHV-1) in the municipality of Toca, Boyacá / Determinação de Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina (BHV-1) na municipalidade de Toca, Boyacá

Resumen Introduction La Rinotraqueítis Infecciosa Bovina (RIB) es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa que afecta principalmente a bovinos y bufalinos, encontrándose ampliamente distribuida a nivel mundial, siendo una de las principales causas de perdidas económica y físicas en las producciones. Objetivo. determinar la prevalencia de la Rinotraqueítis Infecciosa Bovina (BHV-1) en el municipio de Toca, Boyacá. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron 350 muestras de sangre Bovina, las cuales fueron procesadas en el laboratorio de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, mediante un kit comercial de ELISA. Resultados. La prevalencia para IBR, en el municipio de Toca, Boyacá, fue de 65,5%. No se encontró relación significativa con las variables estudiadas como abortos, distocias, no gestantes, repetición de celos, entre otras. Conclusión. La Rinotraqueítis Infecciosa Bovina es una de las principales causas de pérdidas económicas y físicas en las diversas producciones, sin embargo, no siempre es la principal causa de alteraciones reproductivas presentes en los bovinos.

Abstract Introduction Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is an Infectious contagious disease that mainly affects cattle and bufalin, being widely distributed worldwide, being one of the main causes of economic and physical losses in production. Objective. Determine the prevalence of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (BHV-1) in the municipality of Toca, Boyacá. Materials and methods. 350 Bovine blood samples were collected, which were processed in the laboratory of Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, through a commercial kit of ELISA. Results. The prevalence for IBR, in the municipality of Toca, Boyacá, was 65.5%. No significant relationship was found with the variables studied such as abortions, dystocias, non-pregnant cattle, repetition of estrus, among others. Conclusion. Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis is one of the main causes of economic losses in the various productions, however, it is not always the main cause of reproductive alterations present in Bovines.

Resumo Introdução A Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina (RIB) é uma doença infectocontagiosa que afeta principalmente os bovinos e bufalinos, estando amplamente distribuída a nível mundial, sendo uma das principais causas de perda económica e física nas produções. Objetivo. Determinar a prevalência da Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina (BHV-1) no município de Toca, Boyacá. Materiais e métodos. Recolheram-se 350 amostras de sangue de bovinos, que foram processadas no laboratório da Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, pelo kit comercial de ELISA. Resultados. A prevalência de IBR, no município de Toca, Boyacá, foi de 65,5 %. Não se encontrou relação significativa com as variáveis estudadas como abortos, distocias, não gestantes, repetição de cios, entre outras. Conclusão. A Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina é uma das principais causas de perda económica e física nas diversas produções, no entanto, não sempre é a principal causa de alterações reprodutivas presentes nos bovinos.

Listeria spp, in churn storage of raw cow's milk in Tunja - Boyacá / Listeria spp, en cantinas de almacenamiento de leche cruda de vaca en Tunja - Boyacá

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the relationship between the type of detergent, time use of the churn and the type of water used to wash storage churns and the presence of Listeria spp., in samples collected from storage churns of raw cow's milk, in farms of Tunja-Boyacá-Colombia. Materials and methods. 293 samples were collected by non-probabilistic sampling at convenience, in a period of time of 9 months. Isolation of Listeria spp., was performed by microbiological methods and species identification using biochemical tests. A questionnaire was applied to assess the associated factors (the type of detergent, time use of the churn and the type of water used to wash storage churns). Results. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes was 2.7% (n=8). No statistically significant association was found between the variables related to cleaning of churns and the presence of L. monocytogenes. Conclusions. The existence of L. monocytogenes in raw milk was demonstrated, being the prevalence found lower than those reported in national and international studies. It is evidenced the circulation of species of Listeria in the dairy production chain in Boyacá. On the other hand, it is the first overview of L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii showing the need for the implementation of control measures in the dairy industry.

RESUMEN Objetivo . Determinar la relación entre el tipo de detergente, el tiempo de uso de la cantina y el tipo de agua utilizada para lavado de las cantinas y la presencia de Listeria spp., en muestras recolectadas a partir de cantinas de almacenamiento de leche cruda de vaca, en fincas del municipio de Tunja-Boyacá-Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron 293 muestras mediante muestreo no probabilístico a conveniencia, en un periodo de nueve meses. El aislamiento de Listeria spp., se realizó por métodos microbiológicos y la identificación de especies utilizando pruebas bioquímicas. Se aplicó un cuestionario para evaluar los factores asociados (tipo de detergente, tipo de agua y tiempo de uso de las cantinas). Resultados. La prevalencia de L. monocytogenes fue de 2.7% (n=8). No se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables relacionadas con la limpieza de las cantinas y la presencia de L. monocytogenes. Conclusiones. Se demostró la existencia de L. monocytogenes en leche cruda, siendo la prevalencia encontrada inferior a las reportadas en estudios nacionales e internacionales. Se evidencia la circulación de especies de Listeria en la cadena productiva láctea del departamento de Boyacá. Por otra parte, es el primer panorama de L. monocytogenes y L. ivanovii mostrando la necesidad de la implementación de medidas de control en la industria láctea.

Determinación de Leucosis Enzoótica Bovina Mediante las Claves Hematológicas de Göttingen y Elisa en Boyacá, Colombia / Enzootic Bovine Leukosis Assessment by Hematology Gottingen Keys and ELISA in Boyacá, Colombia

La Leucosis Enzootica Bovina (LEB) es una enfermedad de distribución mundial que genera grandes pérdidas económicas. Esta enfermedad, afecta principalmente la ganadería de las zonas lecheras y en Colombia no se tienen datos exactos del estado sanitario, ni se han estimado las pérdidas generadas a causa de esta patología. El objetivo fue determinar la presencia de LEB utilizando las claves hematológicas de Göttingen en Toca, Boyacá (Colombia). Se tomaron 243 muestras serológicas a 81 hembras de razas lecheras, seleccionadas al azar en intervalos de dos meses. Posteriormente, las muestras positivas y sospechosas a las claves, fueron procesadas mediante la técnica de ELISA, con el fin de corroborar su seropositividad. Las claves de Göttingen permitieron clasificar, de los 81 ejemplares, cinco muestras positivas y 18 sospechosas, de las cuales las cinco positivas resultaron también positivas a la técnica de ELISA. De los 18 ejemplares sospechosos, cinco resultaron seropositivos. La prevalencia total fue del 13.5 %; para los ejemplares entre 3 y 6 años de edad fue de 25% y para mayores de seis años fue del 6%. Se pudo concluir que el recuento de leucocitos fue de relevancia para el diagnóstico de la LEB. Sin embargo, las técnicas de Göttingen resultan no ser tan específicas para la detección de la enfermedad, por lo cual se recomienda la aplicación de técnicas con una especificidad y una sensibilidad mayor como ELISA y PCR.

Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is an internationally prevalent disease that causes great economic losses. It mainly affects livestock in dairy production areas. Colombia lacks accurate data on the prevalence of BLV and its economic effect. This study aimed to determine the presence of BLV using Göttingen Hematological Keys in Toca, Boyacá (Colombia). A total of 243 serological samples were taken from 81 females of randomly selected dairy breeds at two-month intervals. Subsequently, the positive and suspect samples to the keys were processed by the ELISA technique in order to corroborate their seropositivity. The Göttingen keys allowed researchers to classify, from the 81 specimens, five positive samples and 18 suspicious ones, of which the five positive samples were also positive for the ELISA technique. Of the 18 suspected specimens, five were also seropositive. The total prevalence was 13.5%; for individuals between 3 and 6 years of age the prevalence was 25% and for individuals over 6 years the prevalence was 6%. Researchers concluded that the leukocyte count was relevant for the diagnosis of LEB. However, the Göttingen techniques are unspecific for the detection of the disease, so techniques with greater specificity and sensitivity such as ELISA and PCR yield more accurate results.

Resistencia in vitro de la garrapata Rhipicephalus microplus a organofosforados, piretroides y amitraz en el Departamento de Boyacá, Colombia / In vitro Resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks to Organophosphates, Pyrethroids and Amitraz in Boyacá Department, Colombia

El presente estudio evaluó la resistencia in vitro de la garrapata Rhipicephalus microplus a organofosforados (OF), piretroides sintéticos (PS) y amitraz (AM). Las garrapatas adultas fueron recolectadas en Boyacá, Colombia y sometidas a la prueba de inmersión para evaluar la eficacia de los fármacos, el efecto sobre la ovoposición y el porcentaje de eclosión larvaria. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cinco grupos y tres repeticiones por tratamiento, con 10 garrapatas por repetición. Los resultados demostraron tasas de mortalidad a las moléculas evaluadas, encontrando 43, 56, 60 y 96% de mortalidad para el grupo control, PS, AM y OF, respectivamente, al día 21 del experimento. La inhibición de la ovoposición fue de 13,4% para el grupo control, 44,6% para AM, 45,5% para PS y 96% para OF. El porcentaje de eclosión de huevos fue de 88% para el grupo control, 16% para AM, 14% para PS y 4% para OF. El presente estudio in vitro representa el primer diagnóstico en el departamento de Boyacá, Colombia.

The present investigation evaluated the in vitro resistance of the Rhipicephalus microplus tick, to organophosphates (OP), synthetic pyretroids (SP), and amitraz. Adult ticks were collected in the Department of Boyacá, Colombia, and subjected to the immersion test, to assess the efficacy of drugs, their effect on oviposition, and the percentage of larvae eclosion. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with 5 groups and 3 replicates per group, with 10 ticks per replicate. The results showed that the mortality rates in terms of percentage (%) of the assessed molecules were: 43 for the control group; 56 for SP; 60 for AM, and 96 for OP, respectively, at day 21 of the study. The inhibition of oviposition was: 13.4% for the control group; 44.6% for AM; 45.5% for SP; and 96% for OP. The present in vitro study represents the first diagnostic of resistance in the Department of Boyacá, Colombia.

[Nematodes with zoonotic potential in parks of the city of Tunja, Colombia]. / Nematodos con potencial zoonótico en parques públicos de la ciudad de Tunja, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the presence of parasites with zoonotic potential in major parks in the city of Tunja, Boyacá. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty eight parks in the city were selected, where 124 samples of feces of dogs and soil were collected with the help of a spatula, gathering approximately 150 g per sample. They were processed by the method of concentration of Ritchie modified making the identification of parasitic forms in an optical microscope. RESULTS: A 60.7% of the parks were positive to nematodes in samples of canine fecal material and 100% on soil. Found nematodes were eggs and larvae of Toxocara spp., Ancylostoma spp., Trichuris vulpis and Strongiloides spp. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the potential risk of transmission of zoonoses caused by nematodes in canines and for the need to strengthen public health measures to reduce the risk shows the population exposed to such zoonoses.